Growing Threat of Biological Warfare - Sleeping Monster in the Sky
Throughout
history, war has been the scourge of man, the evidence of man’s
inhumanity to man. It is the antithesis of culture and civilization that
are supposed to uphold the dignity of man and his society.Dr Abe V Rotor
The
sky carries disseminants and inoculants of harmful bacteria, viruses,
and other organisms - natural and man-made. With Genetic Engineering -
the same process in making the Bt Corn, Bt cotton, Bt Soybean, SavrFlvr
tomato, Golden Rice, and an ever increasing number of genetically
modified plants, animals and microorganisms - we have tremendously
increased the threat and gravity of biological warfare as the worst
weapon of mass destruction - surpassing nuclear weapons, because
biological agents, more so with those genetically engineered for high
virulence and adaptability, may stay alive over a long period of time,
and can reproduce tremendously to cover wide areas of doom.
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) invaded five continents before it was put off. It originated in China, where hundreds died. The disease found its way to the Philippines via Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) in Hongkong and Canada. The virus is believed to have mutated into a virulent and contagious form.
-
Once the US Postal Service, to safeguard against anthrax, required its
personnel to use gloves and masks when handling mail-sorting facilities
in Washington, New York and New Jersey.
-
As a precaution against biological warfare, the U.S. government has
accelerated the delivery of smallpox vaccine, enough to inoculate every
American. One drawback of this procedure is the possibility of unknown
side effects when applied to people receiving medical treatments, such
as chemotherapy.
-
Escaped African killer bees (Apis mellifera scutellata) have interbred
with domestic species creating an equally deadly hybrid that now
threatens the United States, having spread throughout Brazil, Central
America and Mexico. A colony is made up of some 70,000 ferocious insects
with the queen bee reproducing at a rate of 5,000 eggs a day to
maintain its enormous population.
-
Escherischia coli is a common bacterial parasite of the intestine.
Naturally occurring outbreaks of E. coli are the result of fecal
contamination of hamburgers, water supplies and swimming pools, causing
the hospitalization of hundreds of thousands of people each year.
These
scenarios remind one of childhood days when many people survived
smallpox epidemics. The center of the epidemic was Lapog, Ilocos Sur,
a town whose population was decimated. The mere mention of its name
brings sad memories of the early 1900s’ disaster. Lapog was so
associated with the dreaded disease, they later renamed it San Juan.
The
author’s forebears suffered this disease. Of eight siblings in the
author’s paternal side of the family, only two survived the disease.
Uncle Leo, the eldest miraculously survived. His dad, the youngest, was
born after the epidemic had subsided.
Visibly,
faces of survivors are covered with pockmarks. But so are their entire
bodies, arms and legs, including the ears, nose, eyelids and lips that
become somehow disfigured. In serious cases, fingers and toes are also
deformed.
Despite
of their traumatic experiences, survivors continue to live normal
lives. Psychologists say there are many survivors of tragic experiences
who find the new lease on life. Stories of how entire communities gather
to support survivors uplift spirit.
Conquest and Diseases
Christopher
Columbus and his men allegedly introduced a very contagious disease,
syphilis, in the New World. The meeting of East and West during the era
of colonization also resulted in the exchange of diseases. James
Michener’s novel, “Hawaii,” relates how smallpox caused death and
suffering to the natives. To the novel’s principal character, the
Reverend Hale, it was a manifestation of God’s wrath on the sinful
pagans. While this incident helped him in his mission, the end proved
that the English missionary was wrong, that God is not a God of
vengeance.
Whole
settlements in the New World just perished as a result of indigenous
diseases that were unknown in their countries of origin. Scientists
explain that these pioneers lacked the natural immunity to the diseases.
The same lack of immunity from diseases introduced into the Old World
is what killed many people. This is the reason why the World Health
Organization and many countries require the vaccination of travelers
against certain diseases as a requirement prior to obtaining passports
and visas.
These
are incidents we can dismiss as force majeure, which our culture can
accept. But what about the case of war when nation is pitted against
nation?
Man’s Inhumanity to Man
Throughout
history, war has been the scourge of man, the evidence of man’s
inhumanity to man. It is the antithesis of culture and civilization that
are supposed to uphold the dignity of man and his society. Ironically,
war has plagued every civilization, and many great civilizations were
the centers of human conflict. According to the historian, Gibbon,
twelve great civilizations, that include the Greek and Roman
civilizations, fell because of war.
History
is replete with cases where the more civilized societies were
instigators of the loss of peace, if not the destroyers of the less
civilized ones. The great Spanish conquistadores destroyed the great
civilizations of the Aztecs and the Mayas in South America, in the same
way that the pioneers of the United States destroyed the civilizations
of the native Americans.
Early Biological Warfare
Carthage,
a thriving agricultural and trading center during the Roman times,
became swampland, then subsequently a desert, as we know today. How did
this happen? The invading Romans drew saltwater from the sea and used it
to flood settlements and farmlands, thus putting an end to the powerful
enemy.
“How
The West Was Won,” is a story of the destruction of the American Indian
civilization which had been flourishing for many centuries prior to
Columbus. The natives fought fiercely at the European invaders and
defended their “nation” for years. But the pioneers knew the key to
their victory over the powerful Indian tribes was to annihilate the
buffaloes. Millions of them once roamed the Great Plains, or what is
known as the prairies. Because buffaloes provided the Indians their
basic needs for food and shelter, famine ensued and the great American
Indian civilization was ultimately reduced into marginal settlements.
Buffalo Bill is reported to have killed more than three hundred
buffaloes in a single day, for which he earned his reputation.
What
if China had sent a million soldiers to fight and die in Vietnam during
the Chinese-Vietnam conflict? The task of burying the dead alone, while
controlling pestilence that would have ensued, would be enough to
defeat the enemy. On the part of China, such massive death would reduce
pressure on its burgeoning population, while ridding the society of some
misfits. It is not so, but many people believe that war is a
purification process. The Germans lost thousands of scientists and
potential nation-builders during World War II. Many American soldiers
who died in the Vietnam War were among the finest young men of their
time.
But
man has not learned his lessons well. War is at its ugliest when
chemicals, biological agents, nuclear and other weapons of mass
destruction are used. For nuclear arsenals alone, the world’s total
stockpile has the capacity to kill three times the total global
population. The world is witness to the recent wars in Iraq. Wars in
Bosnia, Macedonia, Uganda, Angola and Afghanistan still bear ugly scars.
War is also taking place in Sri Lanka against the Tamil Guerillas,
between Pakistan and India along their disputed border, Spain against
the Basques guerillas, Britain against the IRA in Northern Ireland, and
the Philippines against the Abu Sayyaf and the New People’s Army (NPA).
War Without Borders
Something
unexpected and different happened. On September 11, 2001 the World
Trade Center, a 110-storey twin-tower complex was erased from the
skyscape of New York City in matters of minutes shortly after two
planes, commandeered by terrorists, smashed into the superstructures. It
challenged the economic powers of the world, particularly America to
wage a war without borders against terrorism.
The
world woke up to a new era of cross-border terrorism with invisible
organizational network of cells distributed throughout the globe.
In
this kind of war, the intrusion into an enemy’s territory, or the
definition of the locus of battle, do not follow the conventional rules.
In fact there are no specific rules when we refer to the modus operandi
of terrorists. Rules of engagement changed after September 11.
Biological Warfare
First
there was anthrax, the most serious and the first to hit the headlines
after the bombing of the World Trade Center. It leads a dozen of
similarly devastating cases of biological warfare strategies.
Second,
there is an attempt to revive bubonic plague that killed one-third of
the world’s population in the Middle Ages. It was the Japanese who
experimented in the making of bubonic flea bombs intended to spread the
plague in major USA cities. The project was to breed the fleas which
harbor the plague bacteria in its body, then scatter these to infest
rats and other animals in the target area where they in turn multiply
and transmit the pathogen to the residents. The bomb was successfully
tested in China with hundreds of Chinese succumbing to the bubonic
plague bacteria. Preparations were then made to attack the U.S. But the
U.S. dropped the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki first. Japan
hastily removed all the evidences of its evil experiment even before its
surrender to the US.
Third,
the threat of influenza which killed millions of people early in the
2oth century, has caused alarm in the 1980s after scientists discovered a
new virus hybrid of the chicken and human influenza viruses. Based on
the ratio of victims to population during the first epidemic, scientists
believe that some 60 to 100 million people could die of the new
influenza virus strain should it strike again.
Biological
warfare intends to use germs with a history of epidemic-spreading
capabilities. Here is an outline of the basic facts about these
important potential epidemic diseases.
Anthrax
• Anthrax is also known as malignant pustule, malignant edema or wood sorters’ disease.
• It is most common in South America, Australia, Africa and Russia.
• It is a highly infectious disease, affecting animals. It occurs in cattle, sheep, horses and mules.
• It is transmitted to humans through contact with any part of the animal carrying the infectious agent.
•
It is caused by Bacillus anthracis, whose spores are resistant to
disinfectants and heat. It may remain infectious for up to 15 years in
the soil. Grazing animals can accumulate spores contained in the
droppings of infected animals.
•
Humans acquire the disease through skin cuts or wounds, by eating
infected meat, or by breathing in the spores contained in the dust
emanating from the sick animal’s hide or hair.
•
Skin infection is characterized by severe itching and appearance of
boils, usually on the arms, face and neck. The inflamed area grows into
an ulcer called a malignant pustule, which eventually bursts and
produces a black scab. Fever, nausea and swelling of the lymph glands
are accompanying symptoms.
•
Internal anthrax acquired through inhalation results in acute
pneumonia. When infected meat is ingested symptoms of acute
gastroenteritis occur.
•
Anthrax is effectively treated with antibiotics. Immunization against
the disease has been made possible through the use of vaccine. Effective
livestock management is key to the control in the spread of the
disease.
Bubonic Plague
• It is known as the Black Death in the Middle Ages which ravaged Europe and Asia.
• In some places as many as two-thirds of the entire population have died
• It is so-called from the blackening spots which cover the skin during the course of the disease.
• Characteristic symptoms are fever and swelling of the lymph nodes, mainly the groin and armpit areas.
•
It is caused by the plague bacillus (Pasteurella pestis) which is
transmitted from rats (Rattus rattus norvigicus) to humans through flea
(Xenopsylla chopis).
Small pox
•
This is a highly contagious disease, often fatal, that ravaged
populations in the past. Just one infected person could cause the virus
to radiate from a family to a neighborhood, and to a city in a matter of
months.
• Smallpox cannot be treated effectively once symptoms begin. Around 30 percent of those infected will die.
•
WHO declared the eradication of smallpox in 1980. Routine immunizations
to protect against the disease were stopped as early as 1971.
•
First signs are: chills and high fever, severe headache and backache,
followed by rashes which eventually cover the entire body and turn into
pus-filled blisters.
• The blisters, in turn, dry up to form scabs which very often leave pockmarks.
•
The disease may be accompanied by vomiting, convulsion and diarrhea.
Complications include other skin infections such as boils and abscesses,
ear infections, pneumonia and heart failure.
• The disease is not transmitted by animals.
• It has been eliminated through world-wide vaccination programs, although a mild form still exists in Ethiopia.
•
The disease has been largely eliminated by extermination of rats.
Antibiotics such as oxytetracycline, streptomycin and chloramphenicol
are effective in its treatment.
________________________________________________________________
Biological
agents also include Tularemia, a bacterium, classified pneumonic and
septic - if untreated, has a mortality rate of 30 to 40 percent; botulinum, a toxin from a bacterium, that has 60 to 100 percent
mortality; and ricin, a deadly toxin from castor bean (Ricinus
communis).
________________________________________________________________
Other Potential Bio-Warfare Organisms
There
are many organisms which can be used in biological warfare. A terrorist
attack aimed at crops and livestock would be less dramatic but might
cause more disruption in the long run.
Potato
Blight – This fungus-caused plant disease is also called late blight, a
worldwide serious disease of potato and tomato in cool humid countries.
The fungus is the Phyhtopthora infestans. In Ireland, 30 percent of the
population starved to death, the other dying of typhoid fever that
followed. Still others emigrated to America from 1845 to 1860. Tomato
blight caused by the same fungus destroyed 50 percent of the crop in
Eastern US in 1946.
Rust
Fungi. There are species of Puccinia affecting cereals. Among them is
Puccinia graminis tritici, one of over 200 fungal races which attack
wheat. Although rust fungi can only complete their life cycles in the
presence of alternate hosts, such as barberry in wheat rust, its
potential use for biological warfare is great considering that cereals
comprise the staple of the mankind. The narrowing down in the number of
cereal varieties used for commercial production exposes croplands to
greater danger of exposure to rust diseases and therefore, widespread
destruction.
Salmonella
- In 1984, a cult in Oregon set off a wave of food poisonings.
Gastroenteritis, caused by natural contamination and careless food
handling, afflicts millions of people, causing about 5000 deaths per
year. Salmonella, along with typhoid and paratyphoid germs, belong to a
large group of rod-shaped bacteria that invade the gastrointestinal
tract. Antibiotics are recommended to combat Salmonella infection.
Foot-and-Mouth
Disease. This disease affects hoofed animals like hogs and cattle, and
is naturally occurring worldwide. FMD usually hits the Philippines in
the summer months. Although the pathogen is not generally transmitted
from animals to humans, losses incurred are usually heavy. Infected
animal are economically worthless. Their carcasses are burned to
prevent infection. Quarantine and an extreme form of sanitation are the
best defenses against the spread of the disease.
Mad
Cow Disease. The disease is called bovine spongiform encephalopathy or
BSE. In 1996, it was determined to infect humans in the form of a new
variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD). Eighty people in Britain
have died of CJD, and there is no data yet to show how many more will
suffer because there are initial signs of acquiring the disease that are
not clear. Besides, the gestation period of the disease is up to 15
years.
Other
biological warfare agents include potato beetles, which Britain
suspects the Germans dropped during the war in small cardboards bombs
filled with the pest. In the 1980s, Tamil militants threatened to target
Sri Lankan tea and rubber plantations with plant pathogens.
HIV-AIDS.
To date, 17 million people around the world have died of Acute
Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The epidemic started at the lower
quadrant of Africa. The irony of AIDS is that both strong and frail are
potential victims. There are 3.7 million children who have died of AIDS,
and it has orphaned 12 million children.
An
estimated 8.8 million adults in Africa alone are infected with HIV/AIDS
and in the seven countries in Africa one out of five people are living
with HIV, while 3.8 million Africans are infected every year. There are
36 million adults and children in the world living with HIV/AIDS.
Bioterrorism may be eyeing at the spread of the disease in the
industrialized countries through blood donations and immunization
channels.
Ebola.
This is a highly virulent disease caused by a virus that originated in
Africa, infecting humans and primates. Much of the information about the
disease is still a mystery, but one thing is sure: the fatality rate is
very high once a person gets the virus.
Through
skin contact and even only through inhalation, the virus can be
acquired easily. One incident is about the case of a member a religious
congregation, who had been treating Ebola patients, suddenly dying of
the disease herself. Ignoring warnings, other members attended her
funeral, causing one of them to acquire the virus and dying later.
African
Giant Snail (Achatina fulica) was brought by the Japanese to the
Philippine during World War II. Now it is a pest of garden and field
crops. Damage can lead to severe crop losses. The pest persists but
seldom develops into epidemic proportion. The introduced Golden Kuhol
(Pomacea caniculata), thought to provide a livelihood for farmers,
became a major pest affecting half of our lowland ricefields.
Protection Guidelines
Here are guidelines to protect yourself against possible biological warfare attack.
1.
Keep distant from possible sources of biochemical materials such as
spores of the deadly anthrax. Be wary of suspicious parcels.
2. Get help from authorities to get rid of suspicious-looking materials.
3.
Be familiar with the locations of Bomb Shelters. Such shelters are
found in big cities like New York, Tokyo and Tel Aviv. We do not have
one in Manila, but there are places and buildings where you can find
temporary shelter in case of attack.
4. Don’t loiter in centralized air-conditioned places like malls. Avoid crowds and busy streets if you can.
5. Early symptoms should be treated immediately by a doctor. Anthrax for example has flu-like symptoms.
6.
Keep your body resistance high at all times. Good rest, balanced diet,
and regular exercise are key to resistance against diseases.
7. Don’t be a victim of psychological war. Terrorism thrives on it. We have yet to coin a word for biochemical phobia.
8. Like Boy Scouts, remember “Always be Prepared”. Equally important is to be ready to help other people.
On
September 11, 2001, many people thought Third World War had started.
Then came Afghanistan and Iraq wars. These incidents have sparked real
and psychological fear around the globe. In our modern world, an all-out
war is likely to employ all kinds of weapons of mass destruction from
chemical to biological – and worse, to thermonuclear annihilation. Since
there are no defined borders, everyone is a potential victim. It will
be difficult to detect the enemy and the tools of war he will use. The
“morning after” exposes further destruction. Nuclear radiation takes a
long time to dissipate. It means that radioactive materials will
continue to kill and maim long after the explosion. Even to this day,
there are people dying in Japan due to the atomic bombs dropped there 45
years ago.
This
long life after-effect is also true with bacterial spores. These
organisms have the capacity to re-infect and cause a second wave of
epidemic. Even after the white flag is raised to end the war, still many
people continue to get sick and die.
In
the early 1960s, as a member of the extension program at the University
of the Philippines at Los Baños, then UP College of Agriculture, the
author was involved in promoting modern agriculture to farmers. Among
the farm chemicals he handled were herbicides. By coincidence, the U.S.
was also developing at that time a chemical called Agent Orange which
later was used in Vietnam. While this chemical can maim or cause death,
its intended use is that of defoliant. By spraying the chemical on
forests, trees lose their leaves, in fact their entire crown. When this
happens a jungle can easily catch fire, making it easy to flush out the
Vietcong guerillas from their hideouts.
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